Bioenergetics and
Thermodynamics
Biological
Energy Transformations Follow the Laws of
Thermodynamics
Cells
Require Sources of Free Energy
Standard
Free-Energy Change Is Directly Related to the
Equilibrium Constant
The Actual
Free-Energy Change Depends on the Reactant and
Product Concentrations
Standard
Free-Energy Changes Are Additive
BOX 13-1 Entropy:
The Advantages of Being Disorganized
Case 1:
The Teakettle and the Randomization of Heat
Case 2:
The Oxidation of Glucose
Case 3:
Information and Entropy
Phosphate Group
Transfers and ATP
The
Free-Energy Change for ATP Hydrolysis Is Large
and Negative
BOX 13-2 The Free
Energy of Hydrolysis of ATP within Cells: The Real Cost
of Doing Metabolic Business
Other
Phosphorylated Compounds and Thioesters Also Have
Large Free Energies of Hydrolysis
ATP
Provides Energy by Group Transfers, Not by Simple
Hydrolysis
BOX 13-3 Firefly
Flashes: Glowing Reports of ATP
Assembly
of Informational Macromolecules Requires Energy
ATP
Energizes Active Transport across Membranes
Biological
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
The Flow
of Electrons Can Do Biological Work
Oxidation-Reductions
Can Be Described as Half-Reactions
Biological
Oxidations Often Involve Dehydrogenation
Reduction
Potentials Measure Affinity for Electrons
Standard
Reduction Protentials Allow the Calculation of
Free-Energy Change
Cells
Oxidize Glucose to Carbon Dioxide in Steps
Involving Specialized Electron Carriers
A Few
Types of Cofactors and Proteins Serve as
Universal Electron Carriers
NADH and
NADPH Act with Dehydrogenases as Soluble Electron
Carriers
Flavoproteins
Contain Flavin Nucleotides
SUMMARY
Further Reading
problems
