Gluconeogenesis
Conversion
of Pyruvate into Phosphoenolpyruvate Requires a
Bypass
Conversion
of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate into
Fructose-6-Phosphate Is the Second Bypass
Conversion
of Glucose-6-Phosphate into Free Glucose Is the
Third Bypass
Gluconeogenesis
Is Energetically Costly
Citric
Acid Cycle Intermediates and Many Amino Acids Are
Glucogenic
Futile
Cycles in Carbohydrate Metabolism Consume ATP
Gluconeogenesis
and Glycolysis Are Reciprocally Regulated
Gluconeogenesis
Converts Fats and Proteins to Glucose in
Germinating Seeds
Biosynthesis of
Glycogen, Starch, and Sucrose
UDP-Glucose
Is the Substrate for Glycogen Synthesis
Glycogen
Synthase and Glycogen Phosphorylase Are
Reciprocally Regulated
ADP-Glucose
Is the Substrate for Starch Synthesis in Plants
UDP-Glucose
Is the Substrate for Sucrose Synthesis in Plants
Lactose
Synthesis Is Regulated in a Unique Way
Photosynthetic
Carbohydrate Synthesis
Carbon
Dioxide Fixation Occurs in Three Stages
Each
Triose Phosphate Synthesized from CO2 Costs Six
NADPH and Nine ATP
A
Transport System Exports Triose Phosphates and
Imports Phosphate
Regulation of
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plants
Rubisco
Is Subject to Both Positive and Negative
Regulation
Certain
Enzymes of the Calvin Cycle Are Indirectly
Activated by Light
Gluconeogenesis
and Glycolysis Are Reciprocally Regulated in
Plants
Sucrose
and Starch Synthesis Are Coordinately Regulated
Condensation
of O2 with Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Initiates
Photorespiration
Summary
Further Reading
Problems
